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61.
S.G.K. Adiku M. Reichstein A. Lohila N.Q. Dinh M. Aurela T. Laurila J. Lueers J.D. Tenhunen 《Ecological modelling》2006,190(3-4):260-276
A model, PIXGRO, developed by coupling a canopy flux sub-model (PROXELNEE; PROcess-based piXEL Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange) to a vegetation structure submodel (CGRO), for simulating both net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and growth of spring barley is described. PIXGRO is an extension of the stand-level CO2 and H2O-flux model PROXELNEE, that simulates the NEE on a process basis, but goes further to include the dry matter production, partitioning, and crop development for spring barley. Dry matter partitioned to the leaf was converted to leaf area index (LAI) using relationships for the specific leaf area (SLA). The canopy flux component, PROXELNEE was calibrated using information from the literature on C3 plants and was tested using CO2 flux data from an eddy-covariance (EC) method in Finland with long-term observations. The growth component (CGRO) was calibrated using data from the literature on spring barley as well as data from the Finland site. It was then validated against field data from two sites in Germany and partly via the use of MODIS remotely sensed LAI from the Finland site.Both the diurnal and the seasonal patterns of gross CO2 uptake were very well simulated (R2 = 0.92). A slight seasonal bias may be attributed to leaf ageing. Crop growth was also well simulated; simulated dry matter agreed with field observed data from Germany (R2 = 0.90). For LAI, the agreement between the simulated and observed was good (R2 = 0.80), giving an indication that functions describing the conversion of fixed CO2 to dry matter and the subsequent partitioning leaf dry matter and LAI simulation were robust and provided reliable estimates.The MODIS LAI at a resolution of 1000 m agreed poorly (R2 = 0.45) with the PIXGRO simulated LAI and the observed LAI at the Finland site in 2001. We attributed this to the coarse resolution of the image and/or the small size of the barley field (about 17 ha or 0.25 km2) at the Finland site. By deriving a regression relation between the observed LAI and NDVI from a higher resolution MODIS (500 m resolution), the MODIS-recalculated LAI agreed better with the PIXGRO-simulated LAI (R2 = 0.86).PIXGRO provides a prototype model bridging the disciplines of plant physiology, crop modeling and remote sensing, for use in a spatial context in evaluating carbon balances and plant growth at stand level, landscape, regional, and with some care, continental scales. Since almost 50% of the European land surface is covered by crops, such a model is needed for the dynamic estimation of LAI and NEE of croplands. 相似文献
62.
Corn buntings Miliaria calandra were abundant throughout arable agricultural landscapes in Europe, but have catastrophically declined since the mid 1970s with changes in farming practice and now give serious conservation cause for concern. Corn buntings declined in Denmark during 1976–1993, but (almost unique in Europe) have since increased (by up to 11% per annum) in some areas without specific conservation recovery actions. Based on breeding bird surveys in the mid 1990s, highest corn bunting densities occurred on mixed agriculture in west Denmark (Jylland); the species was rarer or absent in regions of highest arable land cover. Corn bunting density and extent of rotational and permanent grassland were correlated, but not with spring sown barley (all known to constitute important corn bunting winter habitat). The extent of spring barley rapidly declined in Denmark during the 1980s, but since 1990, most counties have since shown 2–3% annual increases in this crop, except in Nordjylland, where high densities of corn buntings have remained stable. Elsewhere in Jylland, corn buntings have increased in counties supporting highest densities during the mid 1990s, contrasting stable or declining trends in south and east Denmark where densities were originally lower. After dramatic decreases everywhere in Denmark, corn buntings retain highest breeding densities associated with mixed agriculture, especially where grassland and spring sown barley remained in greatest extent. Although purely based on land use correlation and bird surveillance, these results show an association between mixed farming and favourable conservation status of a species now red-listed throughout much of Europe. Further investigations of habitat use at small spatial scales and throughout the annual cycle are urgently required to better enlighten specific recommendations for wider applicability of guidelines for corn bunting recovery actions elsewhere. 相似文献
63.
Distribution and sources of solvent extractable organic compounds in PM2:5
during 2007 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LI Xingru GUO Xueqing LIU Xinran LIU Chenshu ZHANG Shanshan WANG Yuesi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(2):142-149
The solvent extractable organic compounds (SEOC), including n-alkanes, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, anddicarboxylic acids in PM2.5 during the 2007 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing, were measured via gas chromatography-massspectrometry for determining the characteristics and sources of these organic pollutants. The concentrations of total n-alkanes, PAHs,and organic acids before Chinese Spring Festival Eve (1025.5, 95.9, and 543.3 ng/m3, respectively) were higher than those after (536.6,58... 相似文献
64.
65.
A population model for the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura, was constructed to understand the population dynamics of this pest species and to develop an effective management strategy for various orchard (apple, peach, apple + peach) systems. The model was structured by the five developmental stages of C. sasakii: egg, larva, pupa, larval-cocoon (overwintering larva), and adult. The model consisted of a series of component models: (1) a bimodal spring adult emergence model, (2) an adult oviposition model, (3) stage emergence models of eggs, larvae, and pupae, (4) a larval survival rate model in fruits, (5) a larval-cocoon formation model, and (6) an insecticide effect model. Simulations using the model described the typical patterns of C. sasakii adult abundance in various orchard systems well, and was specific to the composition of host plants: three adult abundance peaks (first peak, mid-season peak, and last peak) a year with decreased peaks after the first peak in monoculture orchards of late apple, two adult peaks a year with a much higher last peak in monoculture orchards of early peach, and three adult peaks a year with much higher later peaks in mixed orchards of late apple and early peach. The average deviation between model outputs and actual records for first and second adult peak dates was 2.8 and 3.9 d, respectively, in simulations without an insecticide effect. The deviation decreased when insecticide effects were incorporated into the model. We also performed a sensitivity analysis of our model, and suggest possible applications of the model. 相似文献
66.
对2018—2020年春季江苏省臭氧(O 3)污染特征进行了分析。结果表明,江苏省ρ(O 3)均超过二级标准限值,分别超出5.6%,11.3%和8.8%,沿江区域ρ(O 3)略高于苏北区域;ρ(O 3-1 h)日变化呈“单峰型”,峰值呈逐年上升趋势,非污染日苏北区域ρ(O 3-1 h)均高于沿江区域,主要时间段体现在夜间至次日早晨,污染日中午至傍晚时段,沿江区域ρ(O 3-1 h)高于苏北区域;日ρ(O 3)高频区间为80~120μg/m 3,频率约为20%,沿江区域高频区间为60~120μg/m 3,苏北区域高频区间为80~140μg/m 3,频率均超过15%。沿江和苏北区域日ρ(O 3)在临界区间的出现频率偏差不大,O 3污染潜在风险相当;江苏省ρ(O 3)超标率呈逐年递增趋势,超标现象主要集中在4—5月;O 3作为首要污染物且超标的占比逐年升高,而PM 2.5作为首要污染物且超标的占比逐年降低,江苏省春季空气质量影响因子逐渐从PM 2.5转为O 3;平均>90%的O 3污染日为轻度污染,受O 3影响空气质量达到中度污染的占比较小,平均<10%,未出现因O 3导致的重度或严重污染日。 相似文献
67.
龙子祠泉域地下水金属元素分布特征及健康风险评价 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
龙子祠泉是临汾市工农业和城市生活的重要水源,随着公众环境健康意识提高,地下水金属元素健康风险研究显得尤为必要.对龙子祠泉域内43个地下水样品中10种金属元素(As、Cd、Hg、Al、Pb、Co、Mn、Fe、Cu和Ni)进行检测和分析,运用多元统计分析方法和健康风险评价模型研究了地下水中10种金属元素分布特征及其暴露的健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素平均浓度由高到低分别为Fe、Al、Mn、Ni、As、Cu、Co、Pb、Hg和Cd,其中Al、Mn、Fe和As超出地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准限值.从泉域内不同地下水类型角度看,岩溶泉水水质较好,均达到了生活饮用水的标准;矿坑排水金属超标率(60%)最高,水质最差.多元统计结果表明,Pb、Ni、Co、Cd、Mn和Cu这6种元素主要受到地球化学背景的影响,Al、Fe、Hg和As主要是在山西特有的地质背景下,与人类矿业开采活动密切相关.健康风险评价表明,研究区内不同类型地下水中金属元素通过饮水途径和皮肤入渗途径对成人和儿童暴露的年均总健康风险排序均为:岩溶井>非岩溶泉>非岩溶井>岩溶泉,健康风险主要源于饮用水途径,经皮肤入渗暴露的健康风险不会对人体造成明显危害.泉域地下水中As是引起最大健康风险的金属元素,在水资源利用时应该给予重点管控,尤其在儿童饮水方面. 相似文献
68.
分析了北京市鞭炮燃放禁改限前禁放区和非禁放区除夕夜大气污染变化规律的明显差异,以及禁改限后,以上区域大气污染变化的趋同特点.同时评估了2000~2006年春节期间空气污染状况.结果表明,大量鞭炮的集中燃放造成了大气短时严重污染,但随鞭炮燃放的减少,污染状况迅速改善.燃放鞭炮对不同大气污染物的影响存在差异,PM10污染最严重;SO2、Nox浓度也有明显升高;CO则存在一定滞后,甚至没有明显响应.禁改限前非禁放区内存在明显的燃放污染高峰,禁放区则未出现.鞭炮燃放对大气颗粒物细粒子影响最显着,对粗粒子特别是粒径10~20μm之间的颗粒物影响不大.春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少,导致空气质量好转,2000~2006年正月初一~正月十五PM10浓度比冬季均值(12月~2月)低16%,比年均浓度低20%,但受一定气象条件影响. 相似文献
69.
70.
春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
使用在线离子色谱分析了苏州市区春节期间PM2.5中水溶性离子.结果表明:春节期间存在2个空气污染高峰时段(初一和初五),其中初一凌晨PM2.5达到最高峰,小时质量浓度为571μg/m3;烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,PM2.5中K+、Cl-、Mg2+质量浓度明显上升,初-凌晨与腊月三十凌晨相比,K+、Cl-、Mg2+质量浓度分别增加了117倍、80.7倍、18.0倍;相关性分析表明,PM2.5中K+、Mg2+、Na+、Ca2+在烟花爆竹燃放时段可能具有相同的来源. 相似文献